Estate Tax Changes under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

It’s a fairly common situation to find yourself in as a small business owner—for one of a wide range of reasons you’ve decided it’s time to being a new partner into your business in some capacity.

Have you thought about your beneficiaries under your estate plan? There may be more to it than meets the eye.

A power of attorney for health care enables an individual to appoint a trusted agent to make medical decisions on his or her behalf if the individual is unable or unwilling to do so for themselves. For example, if a situation arises where you are in an accident and need emergency medical care, doctors will look to a trusted individual to make decisions on your behalf. Typically, this is family members, and technically, most state laws set an order of precedence on who doctors should turn to in the absence of any specific (and legally binding) instructions from the patient. However, the most ideal situation is one in which doctors rely on the instructions the patient has detailed in a valid power of attorney. Powers of attorney for health care do not have many specific requirements for validity. But, they do need to be signed by the patient and at least one witness (this varies by state). Often, someone may decide that they need a health care power of attorney in a pinch. For example, an older parent may be going in for surgery and want to cover their bases if something goes wrong. They may decide the day of the surgery that they would like to name an adult child as their health care decision-maker if something happens, so that child cannot serve as the witness. Typically, an estate planning attorney could witness the document, but that may mean scrambling at the last minute for an appointment or coordinating a meeting quickly on the way to the hospital. Not ideal. Now, however, Illinois has amended the Illinois Power of Attorney Act to permit electronic signatures. The Act states that: “The signature and execution requirements set forth in this Article are satisfied by: (i) written signatures or initials; or (ii) electronic signatures or computer-generated signature codes .” The Illinois Electronic Wills and Remote Witnesses Act permits those witnesses not only to sign electronically, but also to sign remotely. So, instead of a mad last-minute scramble to sign and witness an 11th hour power of attorney, one can be e-signed online through video conferencing with the principal and estate planning attorney quickly linking up on zoom from the comfort of their home, office, or even the hospital bed, with much more simplicity and convenience. The Power of Attorney Act was further amended to permit powers of attorney for health care to be in electronic format. So, it is no longer a requirement to dig the paper hard copy out of the basement filing cabinet and remember to bring it to the hospital. Instead, an electronic copy can simply be sent to the hospital through its patient portal, once that functionality is set up by the health care provider at least. The power of attorney can now easily form a seamless part of a health care record, neatly kept in an electronic medical file. The pandemic of 2020-2021 forced institutions to make things more efficient and reflective of the technologically-centric world we now live in. That is not more evident in many places as it is the area of law. And, few practicing attorneys would tell you that’s a bad thing.

On June 26, 2021, Illinois adopted the Electronic Wills and Remote Witnesses Act. Plainly, the Act is a generational game changer for estate planning. Gone are the days of scheduling a formal office appointment with your attorney to sign estate planning documents as the law office staff witnesses and notarizes those documents on the spot.

Preparing a last will and testament has always required the inclusion of original signatures of both the person making the will and witnesses. Understandably, coordinating the signing of the will could pose some administrative challenges, especially for small law firms and solo practitioners—not to mention the many people who elect to draft a will without an attorney’s help—who may not have a crowded office full of willing witnesses. Along with wills, estate plans typically include powers of attorney for finances and health care decision making as well. Those documents also require original signatures from their creators, witnesses, and notaries. Predictably, COVID-19 and the resulting government shutdowns of businesses and encouragement of social distancing and remote work complicated the task of signing and witnessing these important estate documents (Notaries are also now permitted to act remotely under a separate but related piece of legislation). Luckily, in many states, temporary orders permitted the remote execution of many documents, and a framework for conducting remote document signings began to take form. On June 26, 2021, Illinois adopted the Electronic Wills and Remote Witnesses Act. Plainly, the Act is a generational game changer for estate planning. Gone are the days of scheduling a formal office appointment with your attorney to sign estate planning documents as the law office staff witnesses and notarizes those documents on the spot. Now, under the EWRWA, the need for the conference table signing is gone. Wills, powers or attorney, and other important estate documents can be validly signed and witnessed remotely through audio-video communications. More so, “electronic wills”—those not physically printed on paper—are now an acceptable form of will in Illinois that can be probated just as paper wills have for decades. Some of the highlights of the new law are below. Electronic Copies of wills are now valid. Electronic Wills are now an option. The new law defines an electronic will as simply “a will that is created and maintained as a tamper-evident electronic record.” What is “tamper-evident” exactly? Well, the statute defines it as a “feature of an electronic record by which any change to the electronic record is displayed.” So, popular document signature software like Docusign and Hellosign would do the trick. Individuals and Witnesses can now sign on multiple signature pages with one master document being compiled later on. If a platform like Docusign is not used to create and sign an electronic will, there is now an option to use multiple signature pages for the testator and witnesses. In practice, this enables a testator to sign a will while the witnesses watch over audio-video means, like Zoom. They can then each sign the signature page sitting with them at their physical location. The testator and witnesses can then send the originals to a central location (likely the estate planning attorney) to be compiled into one master document. Previously, this was impermissible, as the document would have had to have been signed in the conscious presence of each other. The Electronic Wills and Remote Witnesses Act redefines “presence” to expressly include, “being in a different physical location from another person, but able, using audio-video communication, to know the person is signing a document in real time.” Witnesses can witness signings (and sign) remotely through video-conferencing. As mentioned, witnesses to a will previously had to be physically present with the testator. Under the new law, witnesses can now be remote. If an electronic will is prepared for signatures, the witnesses can simply sign the electronic will after watching the testator sign. If a paper copy is being used, then the witnesses can watch the testator sign his or her own paper copy, and then sign a separate signature page in their remote location. For paper copies, the witnesses and testator must physically compile all the signature pages within 10 days. The person appointed by the testator to compile all the signature pages must state that the signature pages were attached within 10 business days of signing and that the pages were attached to the testator’s complete and correct will for the will t be admitted to probate. So, best practice is to attach those statements to the will at the time of its signing or the time at which the master document is compiled. Wills can be signed electronically. Electronic signatures have previously not been permissible forms of signing a will. Now, however, the new Act changes everything. Testators and witnesses alike can not e-sign wills. To do so validly, the will must designate Illinois as the state of its execution, be signed by the testator or by some person at the testator’s direction and in their presence, and be attested to in the presence of the testator by two or more credible witnesses who are located in the United States at the time of execution. The change of the “presence” requirement is revolutionary, as “presence” now includes being in a different physical location from another person, but able to know the person is signing a document in real time using audio-video communication. Additional Documents, like Powers of Attorney can now be signed virtually Wills are not the only estate planning documents that require witness signatures. Powers of attorney and living wills are just as essential to creating a comprehensive estate plan. Illinois’ Electronic Wills and Remote Witnesses Act also authorizes the witnessing of any document other than a will using audio-video communication. The signatures of the principal and witnesses may be on the same or different pages provided the master document is compiled within 10 business days. While COVID-19 forced the legal industry to adjust, it appears that some of those adjustments were just what was needed to bring estate planning into the 21st century.

The Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement Act of 2019 (the SECURE Act) took effect at the beginning of 2020 and has brought some significant changes to how retirement accounts may need to be planned for.

Here are five things that business owners should be doing now to alleviate the effects of COVID-19

Executing estate plan documents during the stay-at-home order can be a challenge. But there are still options to get things done now.